Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off

Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws which defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families. Prior to the advent of mass culture, â€Å"high culture† was defined by the elite class made up of landed and hereditary wealth which defined the proper forms of cultural expression and used control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues which were to be picked up and mimicked by the lower classe s. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods which were made affordable by the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of this production surplus by means of communication on a scale heretofore unseen in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the urbanization of societies as nations transitioned fromShow MoreRelatedMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2072 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuitsRead MoreMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2041 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the philosophy that is collective made by disclosure of similar news sources, literature, music, art and commercial advertisements. The rise of mass culture is a comparatively new existence. The culture occurrence is related to the rise of a leisure class triggered by technological innovations. Similarly, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer hadRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pages Mass culture by definition refers to the set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art (chegg). It conveys the idea that culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. However, post WW1 American society had advancements in technology that aided certain ideals and values in spreading across the nation. And the term media culture gives reference to the current western capitalistRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War I1327 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I began in 1914. WWI left a monumental spot on the European society, culture and diplomacy; this was a huge start to what defined Europe as a country compared to the rest of the world. Along with Europe there was also other countries who were taking affect during the time leading up to World War I. Whether it be the Americas or Africa. Everyone was searching in need in different aspects of life, culture, society, and diplomacy. When analyzing this topic, the first thing that poppedRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in this life are the admiration and esteem of others, and the punishments in this life are contempt and neglect. In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve JobsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreTechnology, War, And World Culture1250 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology, War, and World Culture In 1939 the world seen events that would set the stage for the next great war. In September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Canada quickly follows suit, while United States to remain neutral. Between the nations, blows are quickly traded out; nations pushing technologies to the edge and pushing each others militaries to its full potential. Germany proved that is was a force to be dealt with. New weapons used in war resultedRead MoreThe Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World Essay example1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseasesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors realized the massive opportunity at hand to deliver applications of this engine to the masses. In 1908, Henry Ford changed the game when he introduced his Model T to the world, the first mass produced vehicle designed for the average family’s use in everyday errands. Owning a car in the United States quickly, with the help of some corporate greed, became a necessity in and of itself in order to maintain a job and integrate oneself in society, this phenomenon did not immediately carry over into Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws which defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families (Jacobs 13). Prior to the advent of mass†¦show more content†¦This consolidation of people into large pockets of receptive consumers allowed for the dissemination of information and entertainment that was previously not possible due to the restrictions in technology and the challenges of geography which served to isolate regions from each othe r and limited cultural interaction as a mass experience (Edlestein 100-101). The rise of mass culture, and the creation of a consumer class that would in turn define culture was the product of advances in technology (Information, transportation and manufacturing), the surplus in goods and services created by the explosion in manufacturing capacity, and the time that the predictable scheduling in production allowed the worker to explore leisure, culture and self-expression. Technological advances in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries such as the mass electrification of entire regions in the United States, the creation of hydro-power stations to power this revolution, street cars which allowed the average person access to centers of cultural production, and communication devices such as radio and the phonograph allowed the mass dissemination of art, entertainment and news in a way that was previously the domain solely of the upper classes. Taken together, the technological revolutions in manufacturing, transportation and communication was instrumental in creating a â€Å"new man† as described in socialist literature. This form of â€Å"socialism† Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the philosophy that is collective made by disclosure of similar news sources, literature, music, art and commercial advertisements. The rise of mass culture is a comparatively new existence. The culture occurrence is related to the rise of a leisure class triggered by technological innovations. Similarly, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits also attributed to the rise of mass culture. Also, the trend resulted from the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws that defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families . Prior to the advent of mass culture, the elite defined high culture using the proper forms of cultural expression. The elite used the control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues which were to be picked up and mi micked by the lower classes. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods. These goods became affordable owing to the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of the production surplus means of communication on a scale that had not happened in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the sprawl of societies as nations transitioned fromShow MoreRelatedMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2072 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuitsRead MoreMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2098 Words   |  9 Pages Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had toRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pages Mass culture by definition refers to the set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art (chegg). It conveys the idea that culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. However, post WW1 American society had advancements in technology that aided certain ideals and values in spreading across the nation. And the term media culture gives reference to the current western capitalistRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War I1327 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I began in 1914. WWI left a monumental spot on the European society, culture and diplomacy; this was a huge start to what defined Europe as a country compared to the rest of the world. Along with Europe there was also other countries who were taking affect during the time leading up to World War I. Whether it be the Americas or Africa. Everyone was searching in need in different aspects of life, culture, society, and diplomacy. When analyzing this topic, the first thing that poppedRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in this life are the admiration and esteem of others, and the punishments in this life are contempt and neglect. In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve JobsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreTechnology, War, And World Culture1250 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology, War, and World Culture In 1939 the world seen events that would set the stage for the next great war. In September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Canada quickly follows suit, while United States to remain neutral. Between the nations, blows are quickly traded out; nations pushing technologies to the edge and pushing each others militaries to its full potential. Germany proved that is was a force to be dealt with. New weapons used in war resultedRead MoreThe Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World Essay example1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseasesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors realized the massive opportunity at hand to deliver applications of this engine to the masses. In 1908, Henry Ford changed the game when he introduced his Model T to the world, the first mass produced vehicle designed for the average family’s use in everyday errands. Owning a car in the United States quickly, with the help of some corporate greed, became a necessity in and of itself in order to maintain a job and integrate oneself in society, this phenomenon did not immediately carry over into

Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the...

The Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Kesey utilizes Jesus Christ as a constant symbol throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. The protagonist of the story acts as a model and leader for other characters in the book, just as Christ was for his disciples. It is appropriate that such a leader would be closely associated with a powerful, and worshiped figure. Keseys use of Christ associates the ideas or theories in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest with the bible. McMurphy, however, may seem an unlikely Christ-figure due to his violent, sexual and seemingly immoral behavior. His behavior is merely an embodiment of the reforming movements that both Jesus and McMurphy share. Keseys†¦show more content†¦When McMurphy shows his provocative and sexual playing cards to the men of the ward, he begins to unmask the importance of sexual expression, allegorical to the word of God or new religion proposed by Jesus. McMurphy also attempts to reveal the damaging effects of Nurse Ratcheds mental ward, parallel t o Jesus attempts to bring humanity, out of the darkness, and, into the light of the Lord, where one can be eternally saved from original sin. In the first scene, we also meet Ellis, a man who has received numerous treatments at the facility and has become completely docile and, Now hes nailed against the wall (20). This image can be associated with the Book of Matthew because it foreshadows the inevitable Christ-like sacrifice that McMurphy makes at the end of the novel. Ellis also acts as the crucified criminals that share in Christs pain beside him on the cross (Matthew 27). The image of Ellis communicates to the reader the impact and importance of McMurphy as a character of the salvation that he brings to the patients on the ward as the novel continues. Perhaps the most direct symbol used to support Keseys theme occurs when McMurphy is subjected to electroshock therapy. The electroshock table is depicted as The table shaped like a cross, (117) - parallel to Jesus crucifixion (Matthew 27). Additionally, McMurphy questions about a, crown of thorns, which directly alludes to the Book ofShow MoreRelated McMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1329 Words   |  6 PagesMcMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Literary fiction is littered with references to Christianity. It is very obviously a large and influential force in the western world so it is hardly surprising that a novel such as One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, which is so questioning of our society and moral values, should be so full of references to what is arguably the basis of these values. What the question asks, however, is if the character of McMurphyRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis1003 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom can be obtained through the defiance of society’s expectations to find a sense of individuality. Ken Kesey’s ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ is a novel originally published in 1962, which centres on the lives of patients in a psychiatric hospital. Symbolism, one of the many techniques, was incorporated into the novel, to convey the main ideas of freedom, and society versus individual. Motifs and symbols are vaguely different, in a sense that motifs are symbols unique to the novel, whereasRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest - Analytical Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesEssay – One flew over the Cuckoo’s nest. Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest is a creation of the socio-cultural context of his time. Social and cultural values, attitudes and beliefs informed his invited reading of his text. Ken Kesey was a part of The Beat generation and many of their ideologies and the socio cultural context of U.S post WWII were evident through characters and various discourses throughout One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, giving us his invited reading. Ken Kesey isRead MoreDiscourses of Conformity in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s nest and Advice to Young Ladies1200 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the novel ‘One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ written by Ken Kesey, and the poem ‘Advice to Young Ladies’ crafted by A.D. Hope, there is evidence to suggest that the discourses represented by the characters in the novel and poem unveil the ways discourses of conformity underpin the characters’ actions, perceptions and motives, as well as inviting and silencing beliefs, attitudes and values. The author and poet are able to strongly convey their beliefs to the reader from their personal experiencesRead More Narration, Metaphors, Images and Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest3029 Words   |  13 Pagesand Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest   Ã‚   In 1962, when One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (the Nest), was published, America was at the start of decade that would be characterized by turmoil. Involvement in Vietnam was increasing, civil rights marches were taking place in the south and a new era of sexual promiscuity and drug use was about to come into full swing. Young Americans formed a subgroup in American society that historians termed the â€Å"counterculture†. The Nest is a product ofRead MoreEssay on One Flew Over the Crucifix1969 Words   |  8 Pagesward of Menlo Park Veterans Hospital, Ken Kesey was stricken with an idea that would later turn into his first novel. That novel, entitled One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, went on to become his most famous work and a celebrated piece of modern American fiction (Lupack 566). One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest tells the story of a mental hospital which is running quite smoothly until a new patient enters the ward and sets chaos in motion. This new patient, McMurphy, disagrees with the rules of the ward’sRead MoreThe Role of Men and Women in Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest1181 Words   |  5 Pagestext of Ken Kesey’s novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in many ways, conforms to the structure of conventional male myth and asks the reader to accept that myth as a heroic pattern. From a masculinist perspective, it offers a charismatic hero in Randle Patrick McMurphy, a figure of spiritual strength and sexual energy, whose laughter restores the patients of the mental institution to life and confounds the combine’s â€Å"machines,† or authoritarians. However, the struggle between McMurphy and NurseRead More Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesKen Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Keseys use of symbolism in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest transforms the novel and the hospital within the novel a microcosm of society, a battle between the sane and insane, the conformist and the non-conformist. Randle McMurphys arrival influenced the lives of almost every person, whether patient or employee. Whether or not his motives and actions were moral or good-hearted is difficult to conclude, however. On one hand, he undoubtedly savedRead MoreRandle Patrick Mcmurphy, a Tragedy from the Beginning1655 Words   |  7 Pages 2010 Randle Patrick McMurphy, a Tragedy from the Beginning Would you ever accept a leadership role to a group of beat down patients at a mental institution knowing the consequence would be death? Randle Patrick McMurphy does just that. McMurphy, a con man who seeks institutionalization, becomes a role model for the inmates at a hospital. These male patients are lifeless human beings who fear the institution and its ruler, Big Nurse Ratched. Nurse Ratched runs the ward like an army prison camp withRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages The Truth Even If It Didn’t Happen: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest By: Aubree Martinez Period 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is one of the greatest novels of the 1960s that expertly uses mental illness, rebellion, and abused authority to captivate the readers. This book is densely populated with interesting characters, such as the new admission R.P. McMurphy, that makes you dive below the surface of sanity, rebellion, and authoritative issues that are spread throughout

International Journal Mental Health Systems â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Mental Health Systems? Answer: Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some individual after exposure to a threatening, dangerous, scary or shocking event. For instance, victims of war are likely to develop PSTD. This assignment is based on the case of Razzaq, a refugee from Iraq who lives in Australia and has been experiencing symptoms of PTSD. Firstly, it will discuss the symptoms of Razzaq and available help from an RN and other care providers. Secondly, the assignment will explore the mental health assessments required to examine Razzaq. Thirdly, it will discuss the interventions to manage Razzaq. Fourthly, it will examine the ethical and legal principles to required in patient-centred care. Finally, the paper will determine the cultural needs of the Razzaq and discuss culturally based care for the patient. The presenting symptoms of Razzaq Razzaq presented with several symptoms, which are intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Intrusion symptoms are symptoms that cause a victim to re-experience traumatic events and might be uncontrollable and unintentional. Razzaq presented with intrusion symptoms including awful nightmares and flashbacks. According to the case study, the washing machine reminds him of the noises from war, which is a disturbing flashback. Flashbacks are disturbing because the event starts from what the victim regards to be the gravest point of their past trauma (Hirsch Holmes, 2007). Avoidance symptoms cause a victim to avoid places or items that remind of their past trauma. Razzaq tends to hide away for days to avoid his family. Avoidance behaviour symptoms make it challenging for victims to engage in social functions and live a normal social life (Levin, Kleinman, Adler, 2014). Hyperarousal symptoms include irresponsible behaviour, anger as well as angry outbursts. Razzaq presented with h yperarousal symptoms since he gets angry and yells at his wife and children. Also, he has hit his wife on various occasions due to anger. Assitance from an RN and other healthcare providers for Razzaq and his family An RN is in a better position to provide support for Razzaq because he has discussed his symptoms. The primary goal of the provider is to enable the victim and family to develop a sense of empowerment and attain control over their symptoms. The RN and other healthcare professionals should first understand how the symptoms make Razzaq feel for them to achieve this objective. They should then strive to develop a communicative and trust-based relationship with Razzaq to open up a pathway for recovery. The techniques that the nurse can use are listening, normalising responses and reframing. The RN and other healthcare professionals should be amenable and listen to Razzaqs expressions of his feelings. As revealed through the case study, the Razzaqs feelings are negative and include the expression of anger, shock and depression (Benson Thistlethwaite, 2009). The nurse should allow Razzaq to express these feelings because the primary role is to listen without judging the victim. To normali se Razzaqs responses towards the traumatic event, the RN and other healthcare professionals should endeavour to support the victims strengths in the face of the trauma. Razzaq should then be trained on coping techniques based on his strengths. The family should also be advised to accept Razzaq as a member of the family and help him fit in the social life. Family therapy that involves Razzaqs wife and children might be helpful in this case. Approaching a victim based on their strengths and capabilities is more therapeutic than emphasising on their problems and shortcomings (Rumpler, 2008). Most importantly, the care provider should inform Razzaq that the traumatic event did not occur because he is a horrible person or deserved it. Three mental health assessments required to assess Razzaq The mental health assessments that are needed for Razzaq are PTSD symptoms, the severity of depression and the exposure to war. Cross-cultural sensitive and refugee adapted assessments that can be used for Razzaq are IES-R, Hopkins Symptom Checklist and Afghan War Experience Scale. PTSD Symptoms For Razzaq, the symptoms of PTSD can be assessed using the impact of events scale-revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-report scale that is widely used to assess PTSD symptoms. In the past, this tool has been used to measure the symptoms of PTSD in Afghan and Iraq refugees in Australia. This assessment tool has solid psychometric properties and a good internal consistence. One study was designed to test the diagnostic utility of the IES-R as an assessment tool for PTSD in individuals exposed to war. Two independent samples, n=854 and n=3313 were used for this study for this study (Morina, Ehring, Priebe, 2013). Based on this analysis, the IES-R will be an appropriate tool for assessing the mental health status Razzaq. Severity of depression symptoms The severity of depression symptoms will be a fundamental mental health assessment for Razzaq. The mental health assessment can be performed using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). This diagnostic tool is a 25-item questionnaire consisting of two scales for anxiety and depression symptoms (Rickels, Khalid-Khan, Gallop, Rickels, 2009). The depression symptoms scale contains 15 items while the anxiety symptoms consist of 10 items. In the diagnosis of depression, the HSCL-25 portrays high internal consistency, test-retest reliability and good validity. Thus, the HSCL-25 is an appropriate assessment tool for Razzaq. The rate of exposure to war Razzaq should be assessed mentally to determine the level of exposure to war and violence. The Afghan War Experience Scale (AWES) can be applied to assess the level of exposure to war. This assessment tool is a scale that asks candidates or victim whether they have been exposed to the indicated 17 war-linked experiences or loss or violence (Slewa-Younan, Yaser, Guajardo, Mannan, Smith, Mond, 2017). There are three possible choices for participants including once (1), more than once (2), or never (0). The possible scores for a participant range from 0-34 (Yaser, Slewa-Younan, Smith, Olson, Guajardo, Mond, 2016). A candidate who has a high score indicates that they have been exposed to war-related experiences. The interventions to safely manage Razzaqs PTSD CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that intends to help victims realise negative thoughts, perceptions, feelings or behavioural pattern and consequently trains the victim how to replace the negatives with positives. This therapy identifies and modifies misinterpretations that cause patients to overestimate their current threat as well as interpreting their behaviours during the trauma (Bisson, Cosgrove, Lewis, Roberts, 2015). Also, this psychotherapy teaches the victims on how to embrace healthy patterns. CBT will be useful and safe for Razzaq because it focuses on the symptoms of PTSD, depression and phobias. One study by Rhoads and colleagues found that CBT was helpful for patients and delivered good outcomes (Rhoads, Pearman, Rick, 2007). This study revealed that even if a nurse has minimal training on CBT, she can be helpful to the patients. Cognitive restructuring Cognitive restructuring teaches the victims that negative thoughts occur due to unhealthy thinking. In turn, the patient experiences behavioural problems like poor social relationships and substance abuse. When the victim acknowledges the link between negative feelings and unhealthy thinking, they are in a position to identify and avoid the deleterious behaviours and symptoms (Rickwood Bradford, 2012). This therapy is appropriate for Razzaq because he has harmful thoughts that need to be replaced with positive thinking. Exposure therapy In exposure therapy, a victim is exposed to a situation that is similar to their past trauma with the aim of teaching that negative symptoms happen due to their past trauma. Additionally, it aims to teach the patient that a potential trigger is controllable. A patient can be helped to confront their past trauma through verbal or written narrative, delineating the course of the traumatic experience (Bisson, Cosgrove, Lewis, Roberts, 2015). Patients are trained through continuous exposure although some experiences might be unpleasant. Razzaq requires exposure therapy because of his past traumatic events. For instance, when the washing machine is turned on, he hears a car backfire. Medication The medication option for treating Razzaq is SSRIs. This class of medicines has been found to be effective in managing the symptoms of PTSD. Besides, the SSRIs have been assessed for a wide range of trauma types such as witnessing injury, physical abuse and compact (Sullivan Neria, 2009). Sertraline and paroxetine are the two main drugs under this class of medicine (Rhoads, Pearman, Rick, 2007). Sertraline will be the most effective medicine for Razzaq due to its effectiveness in improving hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms. Nursing care interventions to improve Razzaq's well-being The nurse can train Razzaq on how to reduce anxiety and depression. Razzaq can be trained on relaxation techniques, breathing techniques as well as exercises that enhance social skills. Teaching the victim on the symptoms of PTSD can also be helpful because it will help him to identify detrimental symptoms. The nurse can also ensure that the victim takes prescribed medications correctly and assess the response to medication. The nurse can also refer Razzaq to other places for social support like community organisations. In this case, the patient will learn coping skills by participating in social activities. Ethical and legal principles in providing patient-centred care When offering patient-centred care, the patient should be involved in decision-making towards their treatment plan (Thomas Chaperon, 2010). The involvement of the patient is a fundamental aspect towards designing the treatment plan. The patient should then offer consent for the kind of treatment that will be administered. Thus, informed consent is important in patient-centred care. Human rights The healthcare provider should observe and promote human rights when offering patient-centred care. They should know that embracing the principles of human rights in health care, entails identifying, respecting, constantly enhancing and safeguarding the rights of the patient. Violation of these rights might result in severe health implications (Thomas Chaperon, 2010). Do no harm The healthcare professionals should deliver holistic, safe as well as evidence-based care to realise the patients outcome. Any treatment, intervention or action that might harm the patient should be avoided (Brophy, Roper, Hamilton, Tellez, McSherry, 2016). The patient should be monitored progressively to determine their outcomes. Respect others Every patient should be respected regardless of their ethnic background. RNs should observe the ACSQHC recommendations. These recommendations support the need to practice cultural respect and diversity (Thomas Chaperon, 2010). The patient should then be supported to realise better outcomes. Cultural needs and culturally based care for Razzaq Razzaq and the family require a comprehensive understanding of PTSD. Within the Iraqi community, a person who has a mental illness is viewed as crazy and might be stigmatised. Hence, knowledge of PSTD will be fundamental in addressing the issue of stigmatisation. Another cultural requirement is the assistance for cross-cultural communication. Razzaq is a refugee from Iraq and might have limited English skills (Guajardo, Slewa-Younan, Santalucia, Jorm, 2016). He needs help to communicate to the registered nurse and other healthcare providers. Besides, the victim requires help to overcome the barriers to seeking professional care. Based on their Muslim belief, Iraqi refuges might prefer to read the Koran rather than seek professional assistance for mental health. Culturally based care for Razzaq The culturally based care for Razzaq should include various pertinent principles which result in improved mental health. The care should be offered by a multidisciplinary team comprising of a psychiatrist, psychologist, registered nurse and culture-specific healthcare provider (mostly from Iraq). Due to language differences, the care should include an interpreter (Kirmayer, et al., 2011). Health care information on the symptoms of PTSD and importance of treatment should be included in Razzaqs therapy. The victims beliefs especially the Muslim religion should be respected throughout the therapy. Razzaqs family should also play a central role in advancing his treatment and offering social support. Finally, the provider should observe the legal and ethical principles when offering care. Conclusion Appropriate diagnosis and management of PTSD are important in helping the patient to lead a normal life. Registered nurses and other healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in diagnosing, treating and training the patients with PSTD how to manage their symptoms. As discussed in this paper, Razzaq requires support and empowerment to overcome the intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Due to his background, Razzaq requires culturally suitable treatment. This paper has proposed culturally suitable mental health assessments and treatments that can be used for Razzaq since he is a refugee from Iraq. Conclusively, culturally appropriate treatment should focus on meeting the cultural needs of the patient and their family. References Benson, J., Thistlethwaite, J. (2009). Mental Health Across Cultures: a practical guide for health professionals. Radcliffe publishing. Bisson, J., Cosgrove, S., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. 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