The Caning Punishment Issue Essay Example For Students

The Caning Punishment Issue Essay Comp/2nd1/14/97The Caning Punishment IssueReintroducing bodily discipline would bring down the crime percentage and give some equity to the people in question. There ought to be a characterized level to the discipline and to which violations it ought to be managed. Setting up such laws ought to likewise consider the developing crime percentage and the need to take care of this issue. America disrupted liberated from the norm of England as a result of the treacheries they accepted were being done to them. Something the Americans needed to break free of was merciless and uncommon discipline. It is something that makes our nation what it is today regardless. A Caning, which can leave the individual scarred forever, is an unfeeling and surprising discipline for repairable harm against private property. Still estimates must be taken to stop crime. We will compose a custom paper on The Caning Punishment Issue explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now A caning for taking or attempting to murder somebody would be a sensible level to present mortal discipline. Men perpetrating such wrongdoings would regularly be sent to prison. While not being free is awful, these men truly lose only time. The casualty ought to likewise get the alleviation of seeing some harm accomplished for his agonies. This would be a smidgen of retaliation for the person in question. As a casualty this probably won't set it straight however it would assist them with feeling somewhat better. This would likewise establish a major connection with me. In the event that I realized I could get an awful lashing for accomplishing something incorrectly, I would not do it. With the developing crime percentage some various moves must be made. What we are doing now isn't working quite well. Physical discipline appears to be a decent spot to start.It is a hindrance step which we could take without extending the utilization of capital punishment. Physical discipline established partially, not to the level they have in Singapore, would bring down wrongdoing. Singapore has a $316 fine for biting gum which isn't right and to the outrageous for such a little wrongdoing. Comparative laws in our nation would not be conceivable on the grounds that they would disregard our established rights. However, saved for progressively genuine violations well characterize physical discipline would help bring down our crime percentage and assist give with encouraging to the survivors of the lawbreakers. Class: English

Federal Magistrates Court Rules

Question: Talk about the Federal Magistrates Court Rules. Answer: Presentation: The last decision by the Federal Magistrates court of Australia working on this issue between Mr. Yelaswarapu and the Ministry of migration and Anor has sweeping ramifications. One will see that the suit had numerous contemplations that were made because of the idea of the issues to be tended to. Most importantly, this was a case between an administration element and a person. Such cases are regularly intricate to deal with and it calls for astuteness from above if any appointed authority must give a reasonable judgment. (Haas 31) Normally, it is foreseen that any administration foundation can't lose a case given the power of the assets that are directed into the suit. A service responsible for people groups development is basic in any administration since it decides numerous populace insights. Segment changes in a nation decide factors, for example, GDP and the general creation in the economy. (Karl 23) The physical ramifications of the result of this case would cut over all gatherings that were included. The main party is the candidate who may likewise be alluded to as the complainant. Mr. Yelaswarapu conveys the day as the champ in the challenge. After he was denied equity in his offer to apply for the visa, he at last gets respite from the Federal Magistrates court. To be sure, his endeavors were not futile. Recording a suit is consistently a costly endeavor. (Haas 45)The systems and organizations requested that he leaves behind a lot of cash which is charged in court. The choice to grant him triumph suggested that he would be made up for the time and assets he utilized. Other than that, he would have his visa prepared in time. Mr. Yelaswarapu would make a trip to his ideal goal and seek after whatever course he had planned. At first, the service had leveled claims that he didn't submit legitimate subtleties of his location subsequently wrong correspondence was done and prompted delays. (Haas 62). It might have been genuine yet later on, Mr. Yelaswarapu reacted quickly to present his location in time before the specified cutoff times. The endeavors by the movement service to reprimand him were upset by the lawful translations. As an individual, Yelaswarapu would have made an achievement as far as his own profile. Having taken on an administration foundation and cruised through, he has beaten all chances. It has not been certain whether he sourced the administrations of any legal advisor yet all things considered, this was a milestone accomplishment on the individual scale. (Einer 112) The following party to be inspected is the principal respondent who is the pastor for migration and citizenship. He has the command to offer types of assistance to the residents regardless of societal position or some other prejudicial factor. In this situation, the service wherein he heads has been looked by a customer who has an enthusiasm for getting a suit. Earlier rates show that the customer was to blame in the way in which he presented his location. This prompted a miscommunication whereby the data was routed to an alternate goal. At first, the service censured the customer for submitting insufficient location data prompting his disavowal of the visa. Be that as it may, the law cleared Mr. Yelaswarapu who acted with scurry to present the archives. (Accumulate 107)At this second, the pastor is gotten on an inappropriate side of the law. The physical ramifications are that he should confront preliminary or he ought to be fined with the goal that Mr. Yelaswarapu can be redressed. In extraordinary circumstances, such an individual can be calmed of his obligations. For example, if the selecting authority gets news with respect to the suit, extreme move can be made against that individual. The Australian president who is the delegating authority may make a stride in recruiting another priest who is a lot of capable in translation of the law. This is significant particularly for the picture of the nation since the worldwide network is quick to access such cases. On the off chance that Mr. Yelaswarapu included the media to impart his complaints, the Australian government would confront a major danger of losing its notoriety over the entire world. Thusly, the ramifications of the decision are extensive for the whole migration service not just the clergyman. Authorities in the visa handling office would likewise confront the sack in view of the laxity that they have shown. (Norman 57) The last party that is influenced by this decision is the movement survey council which is going about as the subsequent respondent. It is clear that the council has an obligation to decipher laws to the individuals and establishments. For this situation, it was commanded to make a decision concerning the legitimacy and the courses of events in the visa applications. (Earn 55) However, the council neglected to offer the types of assistance inside its purview. The fundamental explanation with all due respect is that it had no force in its ward to make a decision concerning Yelaswarapus application. The Federal Magistrates Court of Australia found that the council was likewise to blame to suggest that it had no ward. As a respondent, the court had lost the case simply like the primary respondent. The suggestions also are extreme for this organization. As a matter of first importance, the certifications of the court authorities are to be addressed in light of the fact that they accept t hey can't deal with the obligations ordered to them. (Jordan 18)The government court which is a higher court would criticize the council judges with the goal that they can validate their cases. All the more in this way, the notoriety of the council is filthy by this reality since it can't analyze the law and make good instinct judgment. The legal high ground has an obligation to change this council and for this situation, a large portion of the authorities would likewise pack their things to leave office. This infers a substantially more believable organization would be set up with the ability to deal with instances of this nature and even those that are increasingly intricate. The way toward recruiting the authorities is will undoubtedly change. Increasingly thorough and exhaustive meetings would be led to acquire capable adjudicators and justices. In spite of making a reshuffle in the councils, the leaving authorities ought to be charged in the courtroom too. (Gather 23) Standards of Statutory Interpretations Rules are framed to make the law. The standards of the legal translations have been utilized for this situation. The standards request that the language of the rules must be comprehended as evidently as they show up. In Australia, language is fundamental in the translation of the law. The motivation behind why the law is applied wrongly is a direct result of the vagueness of certain words. (Jordan 34). For example, a few words have more than one importance and even they may mean an immediate complexity of the implications. For the situation between Mr. Yelaswarapu and the migration service, there was an error of the rules and the explanation Mr. Yelaswarapu won the case. The standards of language found the service to blame since it neglected to decipher the cutoff times at which the visa application was to be made. Initially, the priest thought the candidate was late in the accommodation and chastised him over wrong locations. (Haas 74) The disappointment in the translation was additionally corrected by the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia. The standard of legal development was applied also. It suggests that each expression must be given consideration and the impact it merits just as each expression of it. The subtleties in the above case were overlooked and thus the candidate was granted. (Jacob 12) The council couldn't utilize the guideline and that is the reason it professed to have needed command in tackling the case. Legal expressions ought to never be overlooked. In the event that words have been utilized clearly, their implications ought to be comprehended as they may be. If vagueness emerges, the rule of legal development ought to be utilized. This rule tries to inspect the phonetic details that an expression or word implies. When this is done, the understanding of the law is disentangled. It is consistently a troublesome undertaking since suits go to the courts in various structures. It requires an ab le and sharp individual to legitimize their choices basing on the rules. The case between Mr. Yelaswarapu and the priest is one of those specialized suits that required a great deal of contribution to concoct good instinct judgment. Works Cited Einer, Elhauge. Legal Default Rules: How to Interpret Unclear Legislation. Harvard University Press, 2008. Print Gather, Bryan. Dark's Law Dictionary. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 2009. Print Haas, Malouf. Government Attorney-General's Announcement. Oxford University Press, 2012. print Jacob, Decker. Government Magistrates of the Federal Magistrates Court of Australia. Government Court of Australia. Toronto: Harcourt, 2012. print Jacob,Timm. Government Circuit Court of Australia Act 1999 in Common Law. New York: Harcourt, 2010. print Jordan, McNamara. Decisions of the Federal Magistrates Court in General Federal Law, Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print Karl, Llewellyn. Comments on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the Rules of Canons about How Statutes are to be Construed. Green Bag, 2012. Print Norman, Singer. Sutherland Statutory Construction. West Group, 2015. print

Romantics Vs Realists Essays - Literary Genres, German Idealism

Sentimental people Vs Realists Perspectives on Nature Sentimental people section Realists and Naturalists have various perspectives on nature. In this paper I will depict how Romantics see nature, and afterward how Realists and Naturalists together observe nature. It will show how Romantics had an extended energy about the wonders of nature. What's more, how Realists and Naturalists only every once in a long while saw nature as grateful for it marvels. Sentimental people discovered nature an ideal and significant embodiment to their convictions. Sentimental people appeared to lean toward nature to human progress or society. They would propose that life lived all the more just and closer to nature you will have a superior comprehension of the basic unavoidable issues facing everyone. Sentimental people accentuated the excellence, weirdness, puzzle, and greatness of nature. They considered the to be universe of nature as great otherworldly exercises. Sentimental people never found any flaws in nature and saw that nature brought only advantages to them. Pragmatists and Naturalists had a contrary assessment of nature to that of the Romantics. They certainly favored society to the brutality of nature. Pragmatists and Naturalists felt the further away from nature the better, that nature made their lives harder. They underlined not the excellence and amazingness of nature, yet the threats, cruelty, savageries, and destructiveness of nature. All Realists and Naturalists at any point found in nature were the deficiencies and scarcely gainful. I have demonstrated you in this exposition how Romantics refrain Realists and Naturalists have various assessments of nature. Sentimental people cherished and acknowledged nature not at all like the Realists and Naturalists whose assessments of nature conflicted with that of the Romantics. All in all, in the wake of perusing my paper do you think you are a Romantic or a Realist/Naturalist? English Essays

How Saadawi’s “Memoirs of a Woman Doctor” Works to Show the Oppression and Feminist Sentiments of Women in Modern Day Egypt - Literature Essay Samples

Nawal el Saadawi, an Egyptian feminist writer, has worked throughout her life to highlight the need for improvement in the lives of the modern Arab woman. Her book, â€Å"Memoirs of a Woman Doctor†, written in 1958, takes her own experiences from living in Egypt and her professional life as a doctor, and uses these to create a personal reflection on her suppression and her feelings of gender dissatisfaction as a younger woman. She reflects on not only the way men have pushed her to despise her sexuality throughout adolescence and into her adult life, but also on the constraints older women put on the younger generation of girls that are developing. By looking at Saadawi’s work and examining the current day life of Egyptian woman, we can see how literature helps to share the stories of women all over the world and spread the documentation of the oppression and fighting of women everywhere for their rights and freedoms. Saadawi’s, â€Å"Memoirs of a Woman Doctorâ €  is an insightful work that uses personal experience and perspective to expose the Egyptian women’s plight. â€Å"Memoirs of a Woman Doctor† begins with a young girl starting to question why the separation between sexes is so pronounced in Egypt. Because she has a younger brother, her restrictions as a girl are juxtaposed against his freedoms as a boy. While the main character made his bed every morning, she says her brother would, â€Å"play without asking my parents’ permission and came back whenever he liked, while I could only go out if and when they let me† (9). During the first section that surrounds her childhood, she constantly emphasizes her hate for being female. As she is young and has less understanding of Egyptian society and culture, she hates the entire concept of being a woman and thinks it is just because she is born a woman that she must endure oppression and give up personal freedom. As she grows older and is taught how to be a woman by her mother, she places the blame on the patriarchal society and its history that indeterminately favors men. When h er mother teacher her how to cook, she expresses her hate for it calling it, â€Å"the hateful, constricted world of women with its permanent reek of garlic and onions† (14). She realizes that women are only valued in her society as wives who serve their husbands. Cooking and cleaning are her main obligations and they are all in an attempt to satisfy a husband. She was not allowed to laugh too loud and she had to be conservative and restricted when she ate. The main character mentions on page 22 that she is not willing to throw her life away on cooking for a husband just as all the women in her life had done before her. Her anger turns into a force for desiring change. During this process of learning about her place in society, she enters a stage of rebellion. This first begins when she cuts off her hair on page 18 saying, â€Å"my challenge of authority had turned me into an immovable forceI looked in the mirror and smiled at my short hair.† Her entering into an almos t strictly male dominated career field, medicine, gave her the power to push against oppression and strive for greater freedom and meaning for the lives of women in Egypt. This is perhaps best exemplified when she says, â€Å"I’d prove to nature that I could overcome the disadvantages of the frail body she’d clothed me inI wouldnt give it a single chance to drag me into the ranks of illiterate women† (23). In her shift from blaming herself and her gender from restricting her, she realizes that societies restrictions, although powerful, are able to be broken and are not determinant of her future. She asks herself why her mother, and everyone in her life had made the differences between women and men seem so great when they were both really so similar. She questions herself on why she had spent so much of her childhood believing her femininity was a , â€Å"weakness and disgrace† (25). Continuing to challenge Egyptian society, she becomes wrapped up in her medical studies and is confronted with the dead bodies, both males and females, and is hit with the realization that we are all mortal and therefore none of us have any real power or superiority over the other gender. It takes Saadawi a while and some distance from the medical field to realize that her constant hate for not only her womanhood, but also the patriarchal society she lives in has done nothing except bringing her unhappiness. Page 39 includes her thoughts, â€Å"I’d wasted my childhood and adolescence and the dawn of my young womanhood in a fire battle: against whom? Against myself, my humanity, and my natural impulses.† Her extreme hatred for men and pity for herself had lead her to lead an angry life. She went from hating not only the women who told her she was not as good as men, but also the men who were born with entitlement for no apparent reason. She suddenly has a kind of rebirth and even acknowledges she has a newfound faith in humanity. Although she still has resentment towards the place of females in society, she finds there is greater meanings in life, including love, and pursues this when she finds her first husband. She still is an extremely independent and hardworking woman, however she is able to change her hatred from men to a dislike of the system. We see a big change from the character that appeared on page 11 saying, â€Å"I began to search constantly for weak spots in males to console me for the powerlessness imposed on me by the fact of being female.† She says that she feels the weariness she had for males evaporating and she becomes more of an advocate for bringing young girls up by helping them to develop with the realization that they have a both a mind and a body. This comes partly as a result of her first romantic relations with a man. Her first husband appears to believe that women should have more freedom and rights and this makes her see that she cannot classify all men as oppressive and greedy. Soon her first marriage goes downhill with her husband stating, â€Å"I’m in chargeOf this house and all that’s in it, including you† (62). She finds that being a strong and empowered woman in Egyptâ €™s current society is threatening to men who are used to having a woman always there for them attending to their needs at home. She threatens to disrupt the typical family order that husbands were used to and this caused him to try to force her back into an oppressed state. They end up divorcing, and although she finds another husband later, we see during her divorce she questions again the capacity for society to accept the desire for millennial women to live their own independent lives. She feels alone in society again and says, â€Å"woman faces the man alone, but the man stands barricaded by tradition, laws and creeds, backed up by generations and eons of history† (75). This is an extremely powerful statement and makes the reader reflect on the cultural situations she is put up against. To reverse tradition and custom is a challenge that would take a large social shift with the backing of many supporters. In this book, Saadawi expresses how alone she feels in her push for women’s rights. This is best summed up from her reflections as one of the only female doctors, and an unmarried woman, â€Å"how cold solitude was, how hard the silence† (83). Although the feminist movement in Egypt has grown and changed a lot throughout the years, the founding women of these feminist movements felt rejected from society and unvalued. This can be seen in the writing of many other Egyptian authors. Many critics have both praised and criticized Saadawi’s work entitled, â€Å"Memoirs of a Woman Doctor.† Hafez argues that Saadawi has failed to make a real impact in the Middle Eastern world but rather caters her work towards the Western world. He questions why other more skilled Arab women writers have not had the same success as her in the West. Perhaps their books have not been translated as often as Saadawi’s or their novels don’t appeal to a wider more univers al audience. Regardless, â€Å"there is a wide gap between Saadawi’s standing in the West and her own Arab culture† (189). He harshly says that she has failed to make â€Å"socio-political change.† Although Hafez greatly criticized her appeal in the West and failure for change in the Arab world, it is very important that some of these Egyptian works are able to reach a wider audience and are able to communicate to groups of people who have little background on the Arab world. He also argues that the ending where she finds happiness with a man ruins the point of the book. He makes a valid point saying, â€Å"Does the solution of an individual’s problem eradicate the social ones?†(190). On the contrary, I thought her portrayal of the man at the end was refreshing and helped to give a fairer view of Egyptian men, as well as help to adequately end the tale of the main character’s self discovery. The reader still understands that the main charact er resents the current political climate, however this story is more about her growing up and learning to live in this society that oppresses women while being an independent rather than a huge political work. It helps to educate the reader on how Arab women feel and it shows how hard it is to make change in a society which forces women to take up roles that are inferior to the men. She does go against the traditional career path for women and the tradition familial role, but the main character does realize that not everything is bad and that she shouldn’t torture herself by holding so much hate in her heart. This story is very real and not just the idealized version of feminism. It resembles a real woman’s life rather than being focused on a political agenda. Saadawi includes elements of feminism but does not denounce the whole of Egyptian culture. We watch the main character grow and struggle to both fit in as well as reject parts of society. If this is read not as a story and as a piece of political material, one fails to see the complexity of all of the lessons and insights Saadawi provides the reader with. It might be pertinent to mention that in very traditional Arab societies, women who speak out against discrimination are violating the cultural restraints placed on women. Women speaking up and going against the man is seen in a negative light, and so through this book, Saadawi not only breaks barriers with her characters, but also in her own real life and publication of this book. In the 20th century, common themes found between Egyptian writers were feminism and the role of women in the Middle East. Another well-known Egyptian writer, Mahfouz, has a lot of feminist themes in his works. â€Å"The Cairo Trilogy† is one of the best examples of this, with the stereotypical representation of an Egyptian wife through the character Amina. Amina is not allowed to leave her house and schedules everything, including her sleep around her husband’s life. He is working and going out all day, while she waits at home for him. All of her actions and chores serve the purpose of aiding her husband. She finally works up the courage to leave the house one day, and as a result, is thrown out of the house and told not to come back. In â€Å"Midaq Alley,† the male character that jokes about relationships with women, forces his sister to commit suicide because she is found with a man. Women are portrayed as these beings that are not allowed to do anything and on ly exist as servants to men. Men have the freedom to go around doing whatever they like, as seen in the childhood reflections of Saadawi’s main character, but if the woman steps out of place, it is seen as ruining the reputation of the family. Purity and pride are tied up in the lives of women and their slightest actions can affect the entire family. Although Mahfouz doesnt give us the first person insight of the life of an Egyptian woman that Saadawi does, he provides us with examples of the typical restraints that are put on women, and the ways in which they are forced to live that Saadawi’s narrative lacks. Now that we have explored Egyptian women’s rights as portrayed by two writers from the end of the 20th century to the very beginning of the twenty first, with a focus on Saadawi, we can see how the political and cultural climate affected these writings and explore the current day situation, as well as the political climate while Saadawi was writing this wo rk. During Saadawi’s push to publish her book, she faced discrimination and censorship. The fact that she was restricted in the writing of her own book about restrictions on the freedom of women, is a bit ironic. She recounted that Rose el-Yusuf had published her work by cutting out some sections of it. She tried to get her whole book published, â€Å"but the publisher absolutely didn’t accept to publish the novel in its original form†(el Saadawi, 1988: Introduction). Saadawi said that because of her young age and excitement about her book, she settled with it being censored. It is interesting to see how the topics in her book played out in her life and the publication of â€Å"Memoirs of a Woman Doctor†. This book was released in 1957, four years after women were given more political rights, including the right to vote. Women were suddenly allowed to have a say in government, and the first women were elected into parliament soon after. This was just a ye ar after the government restricted all political parties in 1952, which resulted in the banning of women’s movements and organizations. The beginning of the 1950’s was full of quick changes, and superficial benefits to the women’s rights campaigns. The problems in the home lives of women and the way they were treated did not really improve, although the government granting women more rights did make it feel like things were headed in a positive direction. The social and cultural problems having to do with the freedoms of women were unfortunately left unchanged during this time period. This decade experienced a bit of a lull in feminist activity, however, Saadawi is credited with having helped revive the feminist movement in the 1970s with her book, â€Å"Women and Sex.† Current day affairs are still very unstable. In a study done by The Thomson Reuters Foundation in 2013, it was revealed that out of the 22 Arab countries they surveyed, Egypt was the worst for women in terms of violence, rights, home life, and economic and political involvement combined. Plagued with sexual harassment and female genital mutilation, Egyptian women are not only confined by their society, but abused. The Foundation also mentioned a problem with, â€Å"discriminatory laws and a spike in trafficking.† On a more universal and recent scale, The Global Gender Gap report in 2015 named Egypt one of the top ten worst countries for gender equality. The Global Gender Gap from 2017 put Egypt way below the average for women’s rights, and they came out as the 6th worst in inco rporating women into the labor force. Although the unemployment of women is high, the participation of women in education and their access to it has grown tremendously. The implantation of â€Å" The National Strategy to Combat Violence Against Women† was an acknowledgment by the government of the terrible conditions women live in, and was enforced by the United Nations’ Global Database on Violence against Women. It was put in place in 2015 and will be redone in 2020. They try to understand why women are oppressed in Egypt, and what things need to happen to correct this situation. They say that the, â€Å"misinterpretation of religious texts, wrongful traditions and customs and the inability of the legislator to provide sufficient protection to women† have caused major problems for the fair treatment of women in Egyptian society. Although the constitution declares everyone as equal, women face discrimination in their home lives and in the government. The report even goes as far to say that Egyptian society, â€Å"opposes the development of women.† Because violence is one of the largest problems facing Egyptian Women, it is the main concern of organizations and womens rights groups. The National Council for Women in Egypt has taken a stand on violence and women’s rights, and is a main force in advocating for this. It is really amazing to see how even as things have not progressed much socially, there is a huge increase in the government participation and the foundation of many organizations to combat the oppression and to facilitate the growth of Egyptian women’s rights. As Saadawi and various other Egyptian writers have spread awareness about the treatment of women in Egypt through literature, various other forms of media have come out to advocate for women’s rights. The film â€Å"678† set in Cairo was released in 2010 to protest against the harassment of women on public transportation, while â€Å"The People’s Girls† was made in 2016 to address sexual harassment on the streets. A multitude of Egyptian women are finally speaking out and creating content to help further their cause. It is imperative to realize that women in Egypt still have a long way to go in terms of gaining equality in both the government and in home life, however great achievements have been made. Cultural laws are barriers to even progressive government legislation, but the increasing government involvement and women being vocal about equality are helping to slowly shift this. In â€Å"Memoirs of a Woman Doctor,† Saadawi shows the struggles of a young Egyptian woman that has reached wide audiences and helped to bring awareness to the plight of the Egyptian women. Works Cited Cobham, Catherine, and Nawal Saadawi. Memoirs of a Woman Doctor. Saqi Books, 2000. Foundation, Thomson Reuters. â€Å"POLL-Egypt Is Worst Arab State for Women, Comoros Best.† News.trust.org, news.trust.org/item/20131108170910-qacvu/?source=spotlight-writaw. â€Å"Global Database on Violence against Women.† National Strategy for Combating Violence against Women 2015-2020, UN Women, evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/africa/egypt/2015/national-strategy-for-combating-violence-against-women-2015-2020. Mahfouz, Naguib, et al. The Cairo Trilogy. Doubleday, 1991. Mahfouz, Najib. Midaq Alley. Passeggiata Press, 1991. â€Å"The Global Gender Gap Report 2015.† Global Gender Gap Report 2015, World Economic Forum, reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/.

Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off

Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws which defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families. Prior to the advent of mass culture, â€Å"high culture† was defined by the elite class made up of landed and hereditary wealth which defined the proper forms of cultural expression and used control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues which were to be picked up and mimicked by the lower classe s. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods which were made affordable by the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of this production surplus by means of communication on a scale heretofore unseen in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the urbanization of societies as nations transitioned fromShow MoreRelatedMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2072 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuitsRead MoreMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2041 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the philosophy that is collective made by disclosure of similar news sources, literature, music, art and commercial advertisements. The rise of mass culture is a comparatively new existence. The culture occurrence is related to the rise of a leisure class triggered by technological innovations. Similarly, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer hadRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pages Mass culture by definition refers to the set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art (chegg). It conveys the idea that culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. However, post WW1 American society had advancements in technology that aided certain ideals and values in spreading across the nation. And the term media culture gives reference to the current western capitalistRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War I1327 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I began in 1914. WWI left a monumental spot on the European society, culture and diplomacy; this was a huge start to what defined Europe as a country compared to the rest of the world. Along with Europe there was also other countries who were taking affect during the time leading up to World War I. Whether it be the Americas or Africa. Everyone was searching in need in different aspects of life, culture, society, and diplomacy. When analyzing this topic, the first thing that poppedRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in this life are the admiration and esteem of others, and the punishments in this life are contempt and neglect. In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve JobsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreTechnology, War, And World Culture1250 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology, War, and World Culture In 1939 the world seen events that would set the stage for the next great war. In September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Canada quickly follows suit, while United States to remain neutral. Between the nations, blows are quickly traded out; nations pushing technologies to the edge and pushing each others militaries to its full potential. Germany proved that is was a force to be dealt with. New weapons used in war resultedRead MoreThe Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World Essay example1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseasesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors realized the massive opportunity at hand to deliver applications of this engine to the masses. In 1908, Henry Ford changed the game when he introduced his Model T to the world, the first mass produced vehicle designed for the average family’s use in everyday errands. Owning a car in the United States quickly, with the help of some corporate greed, became a necessity in and of itself in order to maintain a job and integrate oneself in society, this phenomenon did not immediately carry over into Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws which defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families (Jacobs 13). Prior to the advent of mass†¦show more content†¦This consolidation of people into large pockets of receptive consumers allowed for the dissemination of information and entertainment that was previously not possible due to the restrictions in technology and the challenges of geography which served to isolate regions from each othe r and limited cultural interaction as a mass experience (Edlestein 100-101). The rise of mass culture, and the creation of a consumer class that would in turn define culture was the product of advances in technology (Information, transportation and manufacturing), the surplus in goods and services created by the explosion in manufacturing capacity, and the time that the predictable scheduling in production allowed the worker to explore leisure, culture and self-expression. Technological advances in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries such as the mass electrification of entire regions in the United States, the creation of hydro-power stations to power this revolution, street cars which allowed the average person access to centers of cultural production, and communication devices such as radio and the phonograph allowed the mass dissemination of art, entertainment and news in a way that was previously the domain solely of the upper classes. Taken together, the technological revolutions in manufacturing, transportation and communication was instrumental in creating a â€Å"new man† as described in socialist literature. This form of â€Å"socialism† Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the philosophy that is collective made by disclosure of similar news sources, literature, music, art and commercial advertisements. The rise of mass culture is a comparatively new existence. The culture occurrence is related to the rise of a leisure class triggered by technological innovations. Similarly, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits also attributed to the rise of mass culture. Also, the trend resulted from the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws that defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families . Prior to the advent of mass culture, the elite defined high culture using the proper forms of cultural expression. The elite used the control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues which were to be picked up and mi micked by the lower classes. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods. These goods became affordable owing to the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of the production surplus means of communication on a scale that had not happened in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the sprawl of societies as nations transitioned fromShow MoreRelatedMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2072 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuitsRead MoreMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2098 Words   |  9 Pages Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had toRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pages Mass culture by definition refers to the set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art (chegg). It conveys the idea that culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. However, post WW1 American society had advancements in technology that aided certain ideals and values in spreading across the nation. And the term media culture gives reference to the current western capitalistRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War I1327 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I began in 1914. WWI left a monumental spot on the European society, culture and diplomacy; this was a huge start to what defined Europe as a country compared to the rest of the world. Along with Europe there was also other countries who were taking affect during the time leading up to World War I. Whether it be the Americas or Africa. Everyone was searching in need in different aspects of life, culture, society, and diplomacy. When analyzing this topic, the first thing that poppedRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in this life are the admiration and esteem of others, and the punishments in this life are contempt and neglect. In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve JobsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreTechnology, War, And World Culture1250 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology, War, and World Culture In 1939 the world seen events that would set the stage for the next great war. In September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Canada quickly follows suit, while United States to remain neutral. Between the nations, blows are quickly traded out; nations pushing technologies to the edge and pushing each others militaries to its full potential. Germany proved that is was a force to be dealt with. New weapons used in war resultedRead MoreThe Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World Essay example1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseasesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors realized the massive opportunity at hand to deliver applications of this engine to the masses. In 1908, Henry Ford changed the game when he introduced his Model T to the world, the first mass produced vehicle designed for the average family’s use in everyday errands. Owning a car in the United States quickly, with the help of some corporate greed, became a necessity in and of itself in order to maintain a job and integrate oneself in society, this phenomenon did not immediately carry over into

Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the...

The Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Kesey utilizes Jesus Christ as a constant symbol throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. The protagonist of the story acts as a model and leader for other characters in the book, just as Christ was for his disciples. It is appropriate that such a leader would be closely associated with a powerful, and worshiped figure. Keseys use of Christ associates the ideas or theories in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest with the bible. McMurphy, however, may seem an unlikely Christ-figure due to his violent, sexual and seemingly immoral behavior. His behavior is merely an embodiment of the reforming movements that both Jesus and McMurphy share. Keseys†¦show more content†¦When McMurphy shows his provocative and sexual playing cards to the men of the ward, he begins to unmask the importance of sexual expression, allegorical to the word of God or new religion proposed by Jesus. McMurphy also attempts to reveal the damaging effects of Nurse Ratcheds mental ward, parallel t o Jesus attempts to bring humanity, out of the darkness, and, into the light of the Lord, where one can be eternally saved from original sin. In the first scene, we also meet Ellis, a man who has received numerous treatments at the facility and has become completely docile and, Now hes nailed against the wall (20). This image can be associated with the Book of Matthew because it foreshadows the inevitable Christ-like sacrifice that McMurphy makes at the end of the novel. Ellis also acts as the crucified criminals that share in Christs pain beside him on the cross (Matthew 27). The image of Ellis communicates to the reader the impact and importance of McMurphy as a character of the salvation that he brings to the patients on the ward as the novel continues. Perhaps the most direct symbol used to support Keseys theme occurs when McMurphy is subjected to electroshock therapy. The electroshock table is depicted as The table shaped like a cross, (117) - parallel to Jesus crucifixion (Matthew 27). Additionally, McMurphy questions about a, crown of thorns, which directly alludes to the Book ofShow MoreRelated McMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1329 Words   |  6 PagesMcMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Literary fiction is littered with references to Christianity. It is very obviously a large and influential force in the western world so it is hardly surprising that a novel such as One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, which is so questioning of our society and moral values, should be so full of references to what is arguably the basis of these values. What the question asks, however, is if the character of McMurphyRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Literary Analysis1003 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom can be obtained through the defiance of society’s expectations to find a sense of individuality. Ken Kesey’s ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ is a novel originally published in 1962, which centres on the lives of patients in a psychiatric hospital. Symbolism, one of the many techniques, was incorporated into the novel, to convey the main ideas of freedom, and society versus individual. Motifs and symbols are vaguely different, in a sense that motifs are symbols unique to the novel, whereasRead MoreOne Flew over the Cuckoos Nest - Analytical Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesEssay – One flew over the Cuckoo’s nest. Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest is a creation of the socio-cultural context of his time. Social and cultural values, attitudes and beliefs informed his invited reading of his text. Ken Kesey was a part of The Beat generation and many of their ideologies and the socio cultural context of U.S post WWII were evident through characters and various discourses throughout One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, giving us his invited reading. Ken Kesey isRead MoreDiscourses of Conformity in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s nest and Advice to Young Ladies1200 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the novel ‘One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest’ written by Ken Kesey, and the poem ‘Advice to Young Ladies’ crafted by A.D. Hope, there is evidence to suggest that the discourses represented by the characters in the novel and poem unveil the ways discourses of conformity underpin the characters’ actions, perceptions and motives, as well as inviting and silencing beliefs, attitudes and values. The author and poet are able to strongly convey their beliefs to the reader from their personal experiencesRead More Narration, Metaphors, Images and Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest3029 Words   |  13 Pagesand Symbols in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest   Ã‚   In 1962, when One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (the Nest), was published, America was at the start of decade that would be characterized by turmoil. Involvement in Vietnam was increasing, civil rights marches were taking place in the south and a new era of sexual promiscuity and drug use was about to come into full swing. Young Americans formed a subgroup in American society that historians termed the â€Å"counterculture†. The Nest is a product ofRead MoreEssay on One Flew Over the Crucifix1969 Words   |  8 Pagesward of Menlo Park Veterans Hospital, Ken Kesey was stricken with an idea that would later turn into his first novel. That novel, entitled One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, went on to become his most famous work and a celebrated piece of modern American fiction (Lupack 566). One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest tells the story of a mental hospital which is running quite smoothly until a new patient enters the ward and sets chaos in motion. This new patient, McMurphy, disagrees with the rules of the ward’sRead MoreThe Role of Men and Women in Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest1181 Words   |  5 Pagestext of Ken Kesey’s novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in many ways, conforms to the structure of conventional male myth and asks the reader to accept that myth as a heroic pattern. From a masculinist perspective, it offers a charismatic hero in Randle Patrick McMurphy, a figure of spiritual strength and sexual energy, whose laughter restores the patients of the mental institution to life and confounds the combine’s â€Å"machines,† or authoritarians. However, the struggle between McMurphy and NurseRead More Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesKen Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Keseys use of symbolism in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest transforms the novel and the hospital within the novel a microcosm of society, a battle between the sane and insane, the conformist and the non-conformist. Randle McMurphys arrival influenced the lives of almost every person, whether patient or employee. Whether or not his motives and actions were moral or good-hearted is difficult to conclude, however. On one hand, he undoubtedly savedRead MoreRandle Patrick Mcmurphy, a Tragedy from the Beginning1655 Words   |  7 Pages 2010 Randle Patrick McMurphy, a Tragedy from the Beginning Would you ever accept a leadership role to a group of beat down patients at a mental institution knowing the consequence would be death? Randle Patrick McMurphy does just that. McMurphy, a con man who seeks institutionalization, becomes a role model for the inmates at a hospital. These male patients are lifeless human beings who fear the institution and its ruler, Big Nurse Ratched. Nurse Ratched runs the ward like an army prison camp withRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages The Truth Even If It Didn’t Happen: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest By: Aubree Martinez Period 1 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey is one of the greatest novels of the 1960s that expertly uses mental illness, rebellion, and abused authority to captivate the readers. This book is densely populated with interesting characters, such as the new admission R.P. McMurphy, that makes you dive below the surface of sanity, rebellion, and authoritative issues that are spread throughout

International Journal Mental Health Systems â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Mental Health Systems? Answer: Introduction Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some individual after exposure to a threatening, dangerous, scary or shocking event. For instance, victims of war are likely to develop PSTD. This assignment is based on the case of Razzaq, a refugee from Iraq who lives in Australia and has been experiencing symptoms of PTSD. Firstly, it will discuss the symptoms of Razzaq and available help from an RN and other care providers. Secondly, the assignment will explore the mental health assessments required to examine Razzaq. Thirdly, it will discuss the interventions to manage Razzaq. Fourthly, it will examine the ethical and legal principles to required in patient-centred care. Finally, the paper will determine the cultural needs of the Razzaq and discuss culturally based care for the patient. The presenting symptoms of Razzaq Razzaq presented with several symptoms, which are intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Intrusion symptoms are symptoms that cause a victim to re-experience traumatic events and might be uncontrollable and unintentional. Razzaq presented with intrusion symptoms including awful nightmares and flashbacks. According to the case study, the washing machine reminds him of the noises from war, which is a disturbing flashback. Flashbacks are disturbing because the event starts from what the victim regards to be the gravest point of their past trauma (Hirsch Holmes, 2007). Avoidance symptoms cause a victim to avoid places or items that remind of their past trauma. Razzaq tends to hide away for days to avoid his family. Avoidance behaviour symptoms make it challenging for victims to engage in social functions and live a normal social life (Levin, Kleinman, Adler, 2014). Hyperarousal symptoms include irresponsible behaviour, anger as well as angry outbursts. Razzaq presented with h yperarousal symptoms since he gets angry and yells at his wife and children. Also, he has hit his wife on various occasions due to anger. Assitance from an RN and other healthcare providers for Razzaq and his family An RN is in a better position to provide support for Razzaq because he has discussed his symptoms. The primary goal of the provider is to enable the victim and family to develop a sense of empowerment and attain control over their symptoms. The RN and other healthcare professionals should first understand how the symptoms make Razzaq feel for them to achieve this objective. They should then strive to develop a communicative and trust-based relationship with Razzaq to open up a pathway for recovery. The techniques that the nurse can use are listening, normalising responses and reframing. The RN and other healthcare professionals should be amenable and listen to Razzaqs expressions of his feelings. As revealed through the case study, the Razzaqs feelings are negative and include the expression of anger, shock and depression (Benson Thistlethwaite, 2009). The nurse should allow Razzaq to express these feelings because the primary role is to listen without judging the victim. To normali se Razzaqs responses towards the traumatic event, the RN and other healthcare professionals should endeavour to support the victims strengths in the face of the trauma. Razzaq should then be trained on coping techniques based on his strengths. The family should also be advised to accept Razzaq as a member of the family and help him fit in the social life. Family therapy that involves Razzaqs wife and children might be helpful in this case. Approaching a victim based on their strengths and capabilities is more therapeutic than emphasising on their problems and shortcomings (Rumpler, 2008). Most importantly, the care provider should inform Razzaq that the traumatic event did not occur because he is a horrible person or deserved it. Three mental health assessments required to assess Razzaq The mental health assessments that are needed for Razzaq are PTSD symptoms, the severity of depression and the exposure to war. Cross-cultural sensitive and refugee adapted assessments that can be used for Razzaq are IES-R, Hopkins Symptom Checklist and Afghan War Experience Scale. PTSD Symptoms For Razzaq, the symptoms of PTSD can be assessed using the impact of events scale-revised (IES-R). The IES-R is a self-report scale that is widely used to assess PTSD symptoms. In the past, this tool has been used to measure the symptoms of PTSD in Afghan and Iraq refugees in Australia. This assessment tool has solid psychometric properties and a good internal consistence. One study was designed to test the diagnostic utility of the IES-R as an assessment tool for PTSD in individuals exposed to war. Two independent samples, n=854 and n=3313 were used for this study for this study (Morina, Ehring, Priebe, 2013). Based on this analysis, the IES-R will be an appropriate tool for assessing the mental health status Razzaq. Severity of depression symptoms The severity of depression symptoms will be a fundamental mental health assessment for Razzaq. The mental health assessment can be performed using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). This diagnostic tool is a 25-item questionnaire consisting of two scales for anxiety and depression symptoms (Rickels, Khalid-Khan, Gallop, Rickels, 2009). The depression symptoms scale contains 15 items while the anxiety symptoms consist of 10 items. In the diagnosis of depression, the HSCL-25 portrays high internal consistency, test-retest reliability and good validity. Thus, the HSCL-25 is an appropriate assessment tool for Razzaq. The rate of exposure to war Razzaq should be assessed mentally to determine the level of exposure to war and violence. The Afghan War Experience Scale (AWES) can be applied to assess the level of exposure to war. This assessment tool is a scale that asks candidates or victim whether they have been exposed to the indicated 17 war-linked experiences or loss or violence (Slewa-Younan, Yaser, Guajardo, Mannan, Smith, Mond, 2017). There are three possible choices for participants including once (1), more than once (2), or never (0). The possible scores for a participant range from 0-34 (Yaser, Slewa-Younan, Smith, Olson, Guajardo, Mond, 2016). A candidate who has a high score indicates that they have been exposed to war-related experiences. The interventions to safely manage Razzaqs PTSD CBT is a kind of psychotherapy that intends to help victims realise negative thoughts, perceptions, feelings or behavioural pattern and consequently trains the victim how to replace the negatives with positives. This therapy identifies and modifies misinterpretations that cause patients to overestimate their current threat as well as interpreting their behaviours during the trauma (Bisson, Cosgrove, Lewis, Roberts, 2015). Also, this psychotherapy teaches the victims on how to embrace healthy patterns. CBT will be useful and safe for Razzaq because it focuses on the symptoms of PTSD, depression and phobias. One study by Rhoads and colleagues found that CBT was helpful for patients and delivered good outcomes (Rhoads, Pearman, Rick, 2007). This study revealed that even if a nurse has minimal training on CBT, she can be helpful to the patients. Cognitive restructuring Cognitive restructuring teaches the victims that negative thoughts occur due to unhealthy thinking. In turn, the patient experiences behavioural problems like poor social relationships and substance abuse. When the victim acknowledges the link between negative feelings and unhealthy thinking, they are in a position to identify and avoid the deleterious behaviours and symptoms (Rickwood Bradford, 2012). This therapy is appropriate for Razzaq because he has harmful thoughts that need to be replaced with positive thinking. Exposure therapy In exposure therapy, a victim is exposed to a situation that is similar to their past trauma with the aim of teaching that negative symptoms happen due to their past trauma. Additionally, it aims to teach the patient that a potential trigger is controllable. A patient can be helped to confront their past trauma through verbal or written narrative, delineating the course of the traumatic experience (Bisson, Cosgrove, Lewis, Roberts, 2015). Patients are trained through continuous exposure although some experiences might be unpleasant. Razzaq requires exposure therapy because of his past traumatic events. For instance, when the washing machine is turned on, he hears a car backfire. Medication The medication option for treating Razzaq is SSRIs. This class of medicines has been found to be effective in managing the symptoms of PTSD. Besides, the SSRIs have been assessed for a wide range of trauma types such as witnessing injury, physical abuse and compact (Sullivan Neria, 2009). Sertraline and paroxetine are the two main drugs under this class of medicine (Rhoads, Pearman, Rick, 2007). Sertraline will be the most effective medicine for Razzaq due to its effectiveness in improving hyperarousal and avoidance symptoms. Nursing care interventions to improve Razzaq's well-being The nurse can train Razzaq on how to reduce anxiety and depression. Razzaq can be trained on relaxation techniques, breathing techniques as well as exercises that enhance social skills. Teaching the victim on the symptoms of PTSD can also be helpful because it will help him to identify detrimental symptoms. The nurse can also ensure that the victim takes prescribed medications correctly and assess the response to medication. The nurse can also refer Razzaq to other places for social support like community organisations. In this case, the patient will learn coping skills by participating in social activities. Ethical and legal principles in providing patient-centred care When offering patient-centred care, the patient should be involved in decision-making towards their treatment plan (Thomas Chaperon, 2010). The involvement of the patient is a fundamental aspect towards designing the treatment plan. The patient should then offer consent for the kind of treatment that will be administered. Thus, informed consent is important in patient-centred care. Human rights The healthcare provider should observe and promote human rights when offering patient-centred care. They should know that embracing the principles of human rights in health care, entails identifying, respecting, constantly enhancing and safeguarding the rights of the patient. Violation of these rights might result in severe health implications (Thomas Chaperon, 2010). Do no harm The healthcare professionals should deliver holistic, safe as well as evidence-based care to realise the patients outcome. Any treatment, intervention or action that might harm the patient should be avoided (Brophy, Roper, Hamilton, Tellez, McSherry, 2016). The patient should be monitored progressively to determine their outcomes. Respect others Every patient should be respected regardless of their ethnic background. RNs should observe the ACSQHC recommendations. These recommendations support the need to practice cultural respect and diversity (Thomas Chaperon, 2010). The patient should then be supported to realise better outcomes. Cultural needs and culturally based care for Razzaq Razzaq and the family require a comprehensive understanding of PTSD. Within the Iraqi community, a person who has a mental illness is viewed as crazy and might be stigmatised. Hence, knowledge of PSTD will be fundamental in addressing the issue of stigmatisation. Another cultural requirement is the assistance for cross-cultural communication. Razzaq is a refugee from Iraq and might have limited English skills (Guajardo, Slewa-Younan, Santalucia, Jorm, 2016). He needs help to communicate to the registered nurse and other healthcare providers. Besides, the victim requires help to overcome the barriers to seeking professional care. Based on their Muslim belief, Iraqi refuges might prefer to read the Koran rather than seek professional assistance for mental health. Culturally based care for Razzaq The culturally based care for Razzaq should include various pertinent principles which result in improved mental health. The care should be offered by a multidisciplinary team comprising of a psychiatrist, psychologist, registered nurse and culture-specific healthcare provider (mostly from Iraq). Due to language differences, the care should include an interpreter (Kirmayer, et al., 2011). Health care information on the symptoms of PTSD and importance of treatment should be included in Razzaqs therapy. The victims beliefs especially the Muslim religion should be respected throughout the therapy. Razzaqs family should also play a central role in advancing his treatment and offering social support. Finally, the provider should observe the legal and ethical principles when offering care. Conclusion Appropriate diagnosis and management of PTSD are important in helping the patient to lead a normal life. Registered nurses and other healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in diagnosing, treating and training the patients with PSTD how to manage their symptoms. As discussed in this paper, Razzaq requires support and empowerment to overcome the intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms. Due to his background, Razzaq requires culturally suitable treatment. This paper has proposed culturally suitable mental health assessments and treatments that can be used for Razzaq since he is a refugee from Iraq. Conclusively, culturally appropriate treatment should focus on meeting the cultural needs of the patient and their family. References Benson, J., Thistlethwaite, J. (2009). Mental Health Across Cultures: a practical guide for health professionals. Radcliffe publishing. Bisson, J., Cosgrove, S., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. The BMJ , 351. Brophy, L., Roper, C., Hamilton, B., Tellez, J., McSherry, B. (2016). Consumers and their supporters perspectives on poor practice and the use of seclusion and restraint in mental health settings: results from Australian focus groups. International journal of mental health systems , 10 (1), 6. Guajardo, M., Slewa-Younan, S., Santalucia, Y., Jorm, A. (2016). Important considerations when providing mental health first aid to Iraqi refugees in Australia: a Delphi study. International journal of mental health systems , 10 (1), 54. Hirsch, C., Holmes, E. (2007). Mental Imagery in Anxiety. Psychiatry , 6 (1), 161-165. Kirmayer, L., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A., Guzder, J., et al. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal , 183 (12), E959-E967. Levin, A., Kleinman, S., Adler, J. (2014). DSM-5 and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 42 (2), 146-158. Morina, N., Ehring, T., Priebe, S. (2013). Diagnostic utility of the impact of event scalerevised in two samples of survivors of war. PLoS One , 8 (12), e83916. Rhoads, J., Pearman, T., Rick, S. (2007). Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Post-Katrina. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , 21 (5), 249-256. Rickels, M., Khalid-Khan, S., Gallop, R., Rickels, K. (2009). Assessment of anxiety and depression in primary care: value of a four-item questionnaire. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association , 109 (4), 216-219. Rickwood, D., Bradford, S. (2012). The role of self-help in the treatment of mild anxiety disorders in young people: an evidence-based review. Psychology research and behavior management , 5 (1), 25-36. Rumpler, C. 2. (2008). How do you Intervene in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder SymptConclusionoms Associated with Traumatic Injury? Rehabilitation Nursing , 33 (5), 187-191. Slewa-Younan, S., Yaser, A., Guajardo, M., Mannan, H., Smith, C., Mond, J. (2017). The mental health and help-seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia. International journal of mental health systems , 49. Sullivan, G., Neria, Y. (2009). Pharmacotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Current opinion in investigational drugs , 10 (1), 35-45. Thomas, L., Chaperon, Y. (2010). Patient Safety on Patient-centred care: improving Patient Safety on Patient-centred care: improving and consumer. Retrieved 9 23, 2017, from Australian Nursing Federation: https://anf.org.au/documents/submissions/ANF_Submission_Patient_centred_care_Dec_2010.pdf Yaser, A., Slewa-Younan, S., Smith, C., Olson, R., Guajardo, M., Mond, J. (2016). Beliefs and knowledge about post-traumatic stress disorder amongst resettled Afghan refugees in Australia. International journal of mental health systems , 10 (1), 31.

Robin Hood Case Analysis Essay Example

Robin Hood Case Analysis Essay Robin Hood Case Study Robin and the Merrymen are in business to steal from the rich and give to the poor. The organization had begun as a personal interest to Robin, and has grown with allies and new recruits to become a very large organization. Robin is the head of all operations with few delegates who have their own specific duties. 1. What problems does Robin Hood have? What issues need to be addressed? Robin Hood’s dilemma is that he must overcome his largest competitor, the Sheriff, who is getting stronger and becoming better organized than Robin Hood and the Merrymen. Robin Hood started with a noble cause fueled by anger and had no long term plan. Now with the increasing forces he is faced with many issues and is forced to make changes in his strategy. Robin’s forces have become quite large, so large in fact that it’s considered oversized for the needs. Resources have become increasingly scarce due to the larger number of men. These sudden changes call for a change in management strategy for Robin and for new members to buy into that strategy. He also only has one manager to help support his management strategy and losing Little John would cause a devastating blow to Robin and his band. 2. What strategic options does Robin Hood have (explain)? Is continuing with the present strategy an option or is the present strategy obsolete (why? )? Robin Hood’s current plan is becoming obsolete. If robbing from the rich and giving to the poor is their current strategy, and the rich are avoiding the forest from fear of being robbed.. Robin should consider a new strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood Case Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If he continues with his present strategy, food and resources will become increasingly scarce. Some strategic options Robin has might be: Form a strategic alliance with the barons and rescue King Richard. He could consider a defensive strategy and kill the sheriff. He could diversify and expand outside the forest. He could also maybe go with an offensive strategy and switch to a fixed transit tax. 3. What are the pros and cons of accepting the offer of the barons to assist in securing King Richard’s release from prison? The pros of accepting the offer of the barons to assist in securing King Richard’s release from would be, Robin would be granted full amnesty, and his status restored to the kingdom. Not to mention the campaign against the Sheriff would be successful. The cons would be if the plan was unsuccessful, King John would retaliate and Robin could lose the lives of his men, or lose his own life. 4. What action plan would you recommend to Robin? Robin Hood should accept the offer from the barons, and secure King Richard release from prison. Although this is the most risky of decisions, it would have greatest rewards. 5. How should Robin implement the recommended plan? What action steps will need to be taken to make the recommended strategy work successfully? Robin should begin an alliance with the barons. They should develop some sort of strategic plan and implement the plan to secure King Richard’s release. This could be considered a partnership, Robin Hood and his men are the workers and the barons are the investors. It would be a winning strategy.

Aztlan, The Mythical Homeland of the Aztec-Mexica

Aztlan, The Mythical Homeland of the Aztec-Mexica Aztln (also spelled Aztlan or sometimes Aztalan) is the name of the mythical homeland of the Aztecs, the ancient Mesoamerican civilization also known as the Mexica. According to their origin myth, the Mexica left Aztlan at the behest of their god/ruler Huitzilopochtli, to find a new home in the Valley of Mexico. In the Nahua language, Aztlan means â€Å"the Place of Whiteness† or â€Å"the Place of the Heron.† Whether it was a real place or not is open to question. What Aztlan Was Like According to the various Mexica versions of the stories, their homeland Aztlan was a luxurious and delightful place located on a large lake, where everyone was immortal and lived happily among abundant resources. There was a steep hill called Colhuacan in the middle of the lake, and in the hill were caves and caverns known collectively as Chicomoztoc, where the ancestors of the Aztec lived. The land was filled with vast quantities of ducks, herons, and other waterfowl; red and yellow birds sang incessantly; great and beautiful fish swam in the waters and shade trees lined the banks. At Aztlan, the people fished from canoes and tended their floating gardens of maize, peppers, beans, amaranth, and tomatoes. But when they left their homeland, everything turned against them, the weeds bit them, the rocks wounded them, the fields were filled with thistles and spines. They wandered in a land filled with vipers, poisonous lizards, and dangerous wild animals before reaching their home to build their place of destiny, Tenochtitlan. Who Were the Chichimecas? In Aztln, the myth goes, the Mexica ancestors dwelled in place with seven caves called Chicomoztoc (Chee-co-moz-toch). Each cave corresponded to one of the Nahuatl tribes which would later leave that place to reach, in successive waves, the Basin of Mexico. These tribes, listed with slight differences from source to source, were the Xochimilca, Chalca, Tepaneca, Colhua, Tlahuica, Tlaxcala and the group who were to become the Mexica. Oral and written accounts also mention that the Mexica and the other Nahuatl groups were preceded in their migration by another group, collectively known as Chichimecas, who migrated from the north to Central Mexico sometime earlier and were considered by the Nahua people less civilized. The Chichimeca do not apparently refer to a particular ethnic group, but rather were hunters or northern farmers in contrast to the Tolteca, the city dwellers, the urban agricultural populations already in the Basin of Mexico. The Migration Stories of the battles and interventions of the gods along the journey abound. Like all origin myths, the earliest events blend natural and supernatural events, but the stories of the migrants arrival at the Basin of Mexico are less mystical. Several versions of the migration myth include the story of the moon goddess Coyolxauhqui and her 400 Star Brothers, who attempted to kill Huitzilopochtli (the sun) at the sacred mountain of Coatepec. Many archaeologists and historical linguists support the theory of an occurrence of multiple in-migrations to the basin of Mexico from northern Mexico and/or the southeastern United States between 1100 and 1300 CE. Evidence for this theory includes the introduction of new ceramic types in central Mexico  and the fact that the Nahuatl language, the language spoken by the Aztec/Mexica, is not indigenous to Central Mexico. Moctezumas Search Aztlan was a source of fascination for the Aztecs themselves. The Spanish chroniclers and codexes report that the Mexica king Moctezuma Ilhuicamina (or Montezuma I, ruled 1440–1469) sent an expedition to search for the mythical homeland. Sixty elderly sorcerers and magicians were assembled by Moctezuma for the trip, and given gold, precious stones, mantles, feathers, cacao, vanilla and cotton from the royal storehouses to be used as gifts to the ancestors. The sorcerers left Tenochtitlan and within ten days arrived at Coatepec, where they transformed themselves into birds and animals to take the final leg of the journey to Aztlan, where they re-assumed their human form. At Aztlan, the sorcerers found a hill in the middle of a lake, where the inhabitants spoke Nahuatl. The sorcerers were taken to the hill where they met an old man who was the priest and guardian of the goddess Coatlicue. The old man took them to the sanctuary of Coatlicue, where they met an ancient woman who said she was the mother of Huitzilopochtli and had suffered greatly since he left. He had promised to return, she said, but he never had. People in Aztlan could choose their age, said Coatlicue: they were immortal. The reason the people in Tenochtitlan were not immortal was that they consumed cacao and other luxury items. The old man refused the gold and precious goods brought by the returnees, saying these things have ruined you, and gave the sorcerers waterfowl and plants native to Aztlan and maguey fiber cloaks and breechcloths to take back with them. The sorcerers transformed themselves back into animals and returned to Tenochtitlan. What Evidence Supports the Reality of Aztlan and the Migration? Modern scholars have long debated whether Aztln was a real place or simply a myth. Several of the remaining books left by the Aztecs, called codexes, tell the story of the migration from Aztlan- in particular, the codex Boturini o Tira de la Peregrinacion. The tale was also reported as oral history told by Aztecs to several Spanish chroniclers including Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Diego Duran, and Bernardino de Sahagun. The Mexica told the Spanish that their ancestors had reached the Valley of Mexico about 300 years before, after having left their homeland, traditionally located far north of Tenochtitlan. Historical and archaeological evidence shows that the migration myth of the Aztecs has a solid basis in reality. In a comprehensive study of the available histories, archaeologist Michael E. Smith found that these sources cite the movement of not just the Mexica, but several different ethnic groups. Smiths 1984 investigations concluded that people arrived in the Basin of Mexico from the north in four waves. The earliest wave (1) was non-Nahuatl Chichimecs sometime after the fall of Tollan in 1175; followed by three Nahuatl-speaking groups who settled (2) in the Basin of Mexico about 1195, (3) in the surrounding highland valleys about 1220, and (4) the Mexica, who settled among the earlier Aztlan populations about 1248. No possible candidate for Aztlan has yet been identified.   Modern Aztlan In modern Chicano culture, Aztln represents an important symbol of spiritual and national unity, and the term has also been used to mean the territories ceded to the United States by Mexico with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848, New Mexico and Arizona. There is an archaeological site in Wisconsin called Aztalan, but it is not the Aztec homeland.   Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.Elzey, Wayne. A Hill on a Land Surrounded by Water: An Aztec Story of Origin and Destiny. History of Religions 31.2 (1991): 105-49. Print.Mundy, Barbara E. Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistory 61.2 (2014): 329-55. Print.Navarrete, Federico. The Path from Aztlan to Mexico: On Visual Narration in Mesoamerican Codices. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics.37 (2000): 31-48. Print.Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs. 3rd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. Print.-. The Aztlan Migrations of the Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? Ethnohistory 31.3 (1984): 153-86. Print.Spitler, Susan. Mythic Homelands: Aztlan and Aztlan. Human Mosaic 31.2 (1997): 34-45. Print.

The Oxford English Dictionary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

The Oxford English Dictionary - Essay Example However, the Oxford English Dictionary is regarded as the most comprehensive source of English words. (Kite) It contained about 400,000 words by the time it was first published. As a project, it was initially called A New English Dictionary or Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society (Winchester). The development of the OED was a long process. People started working on the material in 1857 (Winchester). However, the first time it was published was in 1884 (Kite), three decades after initial work began. The group who worked on the OED decided it was more efficient to publish the book in fascicles or installments. The first edition of the book had ten installments and was completed in 1928. (Kite) The OED is a result of an idea from an association in Great Britain which studies the language. The Philological Society of London decided to collect and consolidate all the definitions of every English word in existence. (Gray) Some members grew dissatisfied with the existing dictionaries because there were words not included or defined in these reference materials. Richard Chevenix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall and the committee they formed initially searched for unlisted and undefined words in the dictionaries of the 19th century. (Winchester) Eventually, their task evolved into that of creating a truly all-inclusive dictionary and because the task was too big for a few people volunteers were asked to help out. (Winchester) Another task to complete was that of managing the entire compilation process altogether. Furnivall approached lexicographer James Murry for the editor position and the society tied up with Oxford University for the publication of the new di ctionary. (Gray) The process of creating the content for this new comprehensive dictionary was not an easy job. To be as far-reaching as possible, volunteers were told to note down word usage from books onto slips of paper or â€Å"quotation slips† which were then sent to back to Murray.

Social Responsibility and Governance Research Paper

Social Responsibility and Governance - Research Paper Example The paradigm shift in the affairs of Trans-National Corporations of moving from corporate philanthropy to corporate social responsibility began in the 1990s. CSR and globalization, though theoretically miles apart, are in practice complementary to each other with their roles, at times, overlapping. In this report, we carried out a review of the literature to prove the hypothesis that CSR is a key issue in globalization. All authors studied are of the view that CSR is currently playing an important role in the conduct of global business. The larger is the size of a company, the greater is the onus on it for taking up a socially responsible role. According to Kotler and Lee (2005), corporate social responsibility includes those set of voluntary business practices and contributions that a company makes to improve community well-being. Community, here, refers to buyers, suppliers, employees and the social milieu, the company operates in. CSR also stands for operating and exceeding ethical, legal commercial and public expectations of business. For a business to be socially responsible, it is important that its practices and processes should have positive outcomes on the community. CSR is driven by the ‘moral marketplace factor’ creating increased mortality in choices made by consumers, investors, and employees (Hess, Rogovasky, and Dunfee quoted in Kotler and Lee, 2005). Companies value being perceived as good citizens and good corporate citizens. The importance of corporate social responsibility, today, is such that any large corporation can ill-afford to ignore. CSR is about wealth creation by making products and delivering services that are sustainable socially and environmentally. Advantages of CSR extend beyond immediate profit-making and bring long-term multiple benefits. Prior to the current state of globalization, corporate social responsibility was restricted to  philanthropic causes.

The Ego, The Superego and The Id Essay Example for Free

The Ego, The Superego and The Id Essay The structure of the personality in psychoanalytic theory is threefold. Freud divided it into the id, the ego and the superego. Only the ego is visible, or on the surface one may say, while the id and the superego remain hidden, below the surface of what we show of our personalities to others, but each has its own effects on the personality nonetheless. This essay seeks to explore these three layers of personality and how they work with one another. In Freuds structural hypothesis, the id is generally recognised as the psychic representative of the drives. (Berger 1995 p.106) The id represents biological forces and is always present in the personality. The id is governed by the pleasure principle, or notion of hedonism (seeking of pleasure). Early in the development of his theory Freud saw sexual energy, or the libido or the life instinct, as the only source of energy for the id. It was this notion that gave rise to the popular conception that psychoanalysis is all about sex. Read more: Superego examples essay After the carnage of World War I, however, Freud felt it necessary to add another instinct, or source of energy to the id. So, he proposed Thanatos, the death instinct. Thanatos accounts for the instinctual violent urges of humankind. Obviously the rest of the personality would have somehow to deal with these two instincts. It is interesting to note how Hollywood has capitalised on the id; box office success is highly correlated with movies that stress sex, violence, or both. We can come nearer to the id with images, and call it chaos, a cauldron of  seething excitement. We suppose that it is somewhere in direct contact  with somatic processes, takes over from their instinctual needs and gives  them mental representation. These instincts fill it with energy, but it has  no organisation and no unified will, only an impulsion to obtain satisfaction  for the instinctual needs, in accordance with the pleasure principle. (Hinsie Campbell, 1970 cited in Berger 1995 p. 106) The id is a source of energy and should not be retained too much, but at the same time we must contain it, otherwise its force and desire for pleasure shall dominate our lives, inhibiting our life progress; our lives would be dominated by impulses. The id knows no values, no good or evil, no morality. The quantitative factor, which is so closely bound up with the pleasure principle, dominates all its processes. We view the id as containing instinctual cathexes seeking discharge. According to Freud, the id constitutes the total psychic apparatus of the newborn; the psychic later splits into three parts adding an ego and superego. Although this view that the psyche is all id at birth has been criticised, what is generally held is that the id precedes the development of the ego and the superego. The ego is thought to start functioning early in life, around the age of five or six months old and is concerned with the environment. This is because the ego is involved in making sure that the id secures its gratifications. (Berger 1995 p.106) After researching the ego, I, as I think many, found its concepts much more complicated than the id. I will try to simplify the central ideas of the ego, as often it helps to make a more precise and understandable picture in ones own mind. A primary function of the ego is to mediate between the id and the superego, trying to keep them in balance. The ego is the part of the psychic apparatus which is the mediator between the person and reality, (Hinsie Campbell 1970 cited in Berger 1995 p.107) not only this but it functions to perceive and adapt to reality. Tasks of the ego include such things as perception, motor control and the use of the reality principle. The ego seeks to influence the id and its tendencies by the external world. It also tries to substitute the reality principle for the pleasure principle, which rules unrestrictedly in the id. Ego represents the common sense and reason whilst the id contains passion. The functional importance of the ego to the id is well captured in an analogy used by Joan Riviere (1962), where it is like a man on horse back, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse, with the difference being that the rider tries to do so with his own strength, whilst the ego uses borrowed forces. The ego is in the habit of transforming the ids will into action as if it were its own. (Rieviere 1962 p.15) Speaking broadly, perceptions may have the same significance for the ego as instincts have for the id. At the same time the ego is subject to the influence of the instincts too. As shown by Freud in Civilisation and its discontents there are two classes of instincts; one is the sexual instincts known as Eros, and the second is the instinct of death. The death instinct would thus seem to express itself as an instinct of destruction directed against the external world and other organisms. Sadism and masochism are both manifestations of the destructive instinct. Masochism is a union between destructiveness directed inward and sexuality (Freud 1957). It is in sadism, where the death instinct twists the erotic aim in its own sense and at the same time satisfies the erotic urge. The instinct of destruction, moderated and and tamed, inhibited in its aim, must, when it is directed toward objects, provide the ego with the satisfaction of its vital needs and with control over nature. (Freud 19 57) The transformation of erotic libido into ego-libido of course involves an abandonment of sexual aims. This highlights an important function of the ego in its relation to Eros. Riviere (1962) explains that by getting hold of the libido from the object cathexes, setting itself up as a sole love-object, and converting the libido of the id, the ego is working in opposition to the purposes of Eros and placing itself at the service of the opposing instinctual impulses. It has to participate in some of the other object-cathexes of the id, so to speak. This implies an importance of the theory of narcissism. At the beginning, all of the libido is collected in the id. The id sends part of this libido out into erotic object-cathexes, where the ego, once grown stronger, tries to gain this object-libido and to force itself on the id as a love object. The narcissism of the ego is thus a secondary one, which has been withdrawn from objects. Usually, when one is able to trace instinctual impulses back, we find them to be derivatives of Eros. Some creatures die in the act, or after, copulation because after Eros has been eliminated through the process of satisfaction, the death instinct has a free hand for accomplishing its purposes. (Riviere 1960 p.37) Freud (1963) sees civilisation as based upon individuals learning to control their sexual urges and finding other ways of getting gratification.  But because sexual impulses are powerful, there is always a tension between them and the institutions in society. Civilisation, as Freud points out in Civilisation and its Discontents (1957), is the cause of many of our miseries: it forces us to give up uninhibited instinctual gratifications (in particular, genital satisfactions and aggressiveness), and it creates guilt. Life consists of the struggle of mankind between Eros and death, betw een instinct of life and instinct of destruction; this presents the meaning of the evolution of civilisation. Now we turn to explore the third structure, the superego. According to Freud, the superego is the agency in our psychs involved with conscience, morality and ideal aspirations. The superego consists of two parts, the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience is the familiar metaphor of angel and devil on each shoulder. The conscience decides what course of action one should take, what is right and what is wrong, and forces the ego to inhibit the id in pursuit of morally acceptable, not pleasurable or even realistic, goals. The ego ideal is an idealised view of ones self. Comparisons are made between the ego-ideal and ones actual behaviour. Both parts of the superego develop with experience with others or through social interactions. According to Freud, a strong superego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the id, while a weak one gives into the ids urgings. The superego is part of a trio that controls our urges and desires. The id being the urge at its raw form, the ego filtering the urge (in a very complicated manner!) and the superego is the decider of whether or not the urge can be satisfied immediately or must be put aside for later. The superego is not created when we are born, rather we are born with the superego and it develops over the course of our life as new rules and regulations are brought to light. The superego is known as the seat of morality, part conscious and part unconscious. It is the part of us that induces guilt. In Civilisation and its Discontents, this question is posed, what means does civilisation employ in order to inhibit the aggressiveness which opposes it? To this, Freud explains that ones aggressiveness is internalised, it is sent back to where it came from, and it is directed toward ones own ego. There its taken over by a portion of  the ego, which sets itself over against the rest of the ego as superego, and which now, in the form of conscience, is ready to put into action against the ego the same harsh aggressiveness that the ego would have liked to satisfy upon other, extraneous individuals. The tension between the harsh superego and the ego is called the sense of guilt. Civilisation controls ones desire for aggression by setting up an agency (the superego) within a person to watch over it and control it. We can compare the superego to a personal watchdog, keeping us in line with the rules of society, sometimes these rules are broken and the superego lets us know by inducing in us a sense of guilt. When we do well, our superego makes us swell with pride and joy. Our superegos are shaped primarily by the superegos of our grandparents, as they shape our parents superegos, who then socialise us and give us our moral sensibilities. The severity of our superegos is not tied to how strict our parents were when raising us, but the way they have dealt with their Oedipus complexes and our  internalization of this process. Too complex to fully expand on now, I shall just say that the superego develops, according to psychoanalytic theory, out of our need to deny hostile wishes we have,  incestuous in nature, which may simply be described as our Oedipus complexes. I believe the words of David Stevenson (1966) give a clear and concise insight into the superego. While the ego may temporarily repress certain urges of the id in fear of  punishment, eventually these external sources of punishment are internalised,  and the child will not steal a chocolate, even unwatched, because he has taken  punishment, right, and wrong into himself. The superego uses guilt and self-reproach  as its primary means of enforcement for these rules. But if a person has done  something which is acceptable, he experiences pride and self-satisfaction. I have discussed the structural relationship within the mental personality, and although very complex, Freuds work on the ego, superego and id has continued to be greatly studied, respected and used to expend our fields of knowledge.